Objective of the study. Analysis of publications on the expression of different microRNAs (miRNAs) in ovarian cancer tissue, as well as on the levels of microRNA circulating in peripheral blood with the objective to evaluate the possibilities of their use as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers of this disease.
Materials and Methods. The review compiles and gives critical evaluation of the data of the most signifi cant clinical laboratory research selected from PubMed database for the period from 2007 till 2016.
Results. Expression of several dozens of microRNAs in cancer cells is changed both upward and downward compared to the expression in normal ovarian cells. Similar changes are observed in the blood serum of patients with ovarian cancer when compared to healthy persons. There is quite a lot of evidence in the literature testifying that the study of microRNA can provide promising prospects both in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer, including non-invasive serological testing, in the prediction of the course of the disease in general, and what is most signifi cant, in the prediction of resistance to standard chemotherapy regimens (platinum- and taxane-based preparations). Nevertheless, the diversity and inconsistency of the results of various studies do not allow yet to identify accurate and reliable markers for the use in clinical practice.
Conclusion. MicroRNAs — are prospective biological markers of ovarian cancer, but further data accumulation, unifi cation of test methods and criteria for evaluating of the results are needed for the integration of microRNA-based tests into clinical practice.
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Objective of the study is to carry out a systematic analysis of the data, available in modern literature, on the use of aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer.
Materials and Methods. The review comprises the data obtained from the sources written by foreign and Russian authors, having been published over the last 10 years.
Results. The article introduces the stages of the development of modern hormone therapy of breast cancer both as monotherapy and in integrated treatment. The possible mechanisms of the effect of aromatase inhibitors on the tumor are described. The work considers the modern approaches to the use of Letrozole depending on the patient’s age, stage of the disease and receptor status of the tumor.
Conclusion. Letrozole is a modern highly effective agent in hormone therapy of brast cancer. Ease of use, accessibility to patients, low level of side effects, absence of cross-resistance to Tamoxifen justify the widespread use of aromatase inhibitors. The modern hormone therapy is a compulsory component of integrated treatment of patients with breast cancer.
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Objective of the study. To conduct the analysis of the data available in modern literature on morphological diagnosis of ovarian carcinomas and their metastases in serous effusions.
Materials and Methods. The review includes the data of national and foreign sources that specify both classic morphology of ovarian cancer and new possibilities of differential diagnosis.
Results. The article highlights the aspects of differential cytological diagnosis and determines peculiar properties of morphological structure of serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell and other types of ovarian carcinomas detected in exudative effusions.
Conclusion. The presence of specifi c morphological features in certain types of ovarian carcinomas allows a cytopathologist not only to suggest the occurrence of a peculiar type of effusion, but to identify a histological type of tumor as well. It is feasible to employ immunocytochemical method in certain cases of differential diagnosis.
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Objective of the study. To evaluate the immediate results of laparoscopic vaginally-assisted radical trachelectomy in patients with invasive cervical cancer.
Materials and Methods. For the period from October 2014 till May 2016 attempts to establish an organ-preserving strategy of treatment of invasive cervical cancer in the form of laparoscopic vaginally-assisted radical trachelectomy was undertaken in 23 patients aged 23–39 years in P.A.Gertsen Moscow Cancer Research Institute. The operation consisted of consecutive application of two stages — laparoscopic, which included pelvic lymphadenectomy, tunneling of ureters, parametrial resection and vaginal stage, that comprised colpotomy, resection of the cervix and the formation of utero-vaginal anastomosis. All patients were followed up by clinical examination at P.A.Gertsen Moscow Cancer Research Institute.
Results. The mean length of operation was 254±12,5 min, mean blood loss — 110±27 ml. Complications that required surgical correction or impacted the tactics of patient management were not registered. Based on the results of histologic examination conversions into radical hysterectomy or adjuvant treatment were performed in 4 (17,3%) cases. Reproductive potential was preserved in 82,6% of patients. With median time of observation of 9,5 months continued tumor growth in cervical stump occurred in 1 patient, pregnancies occurred in 2 patients.
Conclusion. Laparoscopic vaginally — assisted radical trachelectomy is an option of radical trachelectomy that combines radicalism of abdominal approach and the advantages of laparoscopic surgery. Further advances and the application of this approach appear to be promising not only in respect of common indications for radical trachelectomy but also for tumors being more than 2 cm in size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Complete and objective evaluation of the results of laparoscopic vaginally-assisted radical trachelectomy requires further accumulation and analysis of clinical material.
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Objective of the study. To conduct analysis of the data, available in modern literature, on the new directions developed for the prevention of malignant tumors of reproductive system and, primarily, to consider both the role of prophylactic operations in addressing this issue and the possibilities of rehabilitation of such patients including the options of the use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) with due regard to oncologic risks.
Materials and Methods. The review presents the data obtained from foreign and national articles found on this subject in PubMed that had been published over the last 10 years and includes the guidelines of International Menopause Society (IMS, 2016).
Results. The article describes the possibilities of the use of Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) including cancer patients and women from groups at risk for cancer. All ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ are considered as well as possible associated oncologic risks.
Conclusion. Without clear criteria and without knowing exactly what is the probability of occurrence of certain cancers in females who take Menopausal Hormone Therapy we should be extremely careful in the choice of tactics of management of such patients even despite recommendations developed by leading world experts. It is advisable to assign patients into risk groups and to conduct strict monitoring throughout their life. Further research in this direction is required.
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Objective of the study is to conduct a systematic analysis of the data, available in current literature, on the possibilities of the use of Doripenem in clinical practice and specifi cally in the treatment of cancer patients.
Materials and Methods. The review includes the data from foreign and Russian articles found in Pubmed on this subject having been published over the past 10 years.
Results. The work covers the possibilities of the use of Doripenem, antibiotic of the group of Carbapenems, approved for the use in the Russian Federation in 2008. This preparation is not inferior in the effectiveness to other antibiotics in the treatment of severe infections of the abdomen, urological infections as well as in the treatment of severe nosocomial and ventilator-associated pneumonias.
Conclusion. Over the years, not only high effi ciency of Doripenem has been proved, but its safety and good tolerability as well. This provides new opportunities for the use of this preparation in higher doses or in various combinations in the treatment of severe poly-resistant infections. However, in order to expand the possibilities of its use clinical research in this direction should be continued.
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Objective of the study. To reveal the tendencies in determining initial disability due to cancer in adult population of the Russian Federation.
Materials and Methods. The analysis of the levels, structure and tendencies of disability determination resulting from cancer in adult population of the Russian Federation for the evaluation of patients with claims for initial disability was conducted over a 15-year (2000–2014) period. The study was conducted by a continuous method. The methods used for the collection and processing of the statistical data were: analytical, analytical and graphical method, copying of data from documents, statistical (t-criterion, z-criterion, F-criterion). Statistical analysis of digital data was performed using IBM PC Intel i5- 2500K. Mathematical data processing was carried out using a software package STATSOFTSTATISTICA 12.5.
Results. The number of people in the Russian Federation who were annually approved for disability due to cancer the fi rst time they applied increased by 36%. For the period when the study was conducted it was estimated that malignant diseases are ranked second as a cause of initial medical determination of disability after blood circulatory system diseases. Individuals of retirement age (55,2% ± 3,3 п.п.) and middle age (30,6% ± 2,2 п.п.) as well as individuals whose disability was attributed to grade II (59,2 ± 3,2 п.п.) prevail in the contingent of people who were approved for disability the fi rst time they applied. The indicator of initial medical determination of disability increased from 12,5 to 16,3 per 10 thousand of adult population with p < 0.05 (an increase made up + 29,4%), considering individuals of retirement age — from 23,3 to 33,4 with p < 0.05 (an increase was + 43,3%).
Conclusion. The estimated negative tendency in the levels and structure of initial medical determination of disability resulting from malignant diseases in adult population indicate the relevance and medical, social and economic importance of the problem.
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Objective of the study. To conduct a systematic analysis of the data available in current literature concerning new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of bowel endometriosis. Oncological aspects of the disease are investigated.
Materials and Methods. The review includes the data of foreign and national articles in this fi eld found in Pubmed having been published over the last 10 years.
Results. The possible mechanisms of the pathogenesis of bowel endometriosis and its malignant transformation are described. Based on the world literature data as well as on their own experience (clinical case) the authors provide and analyze the modern tendencies in the treatment of such patients.
Conclusion. It is necessary to conduct further research in this direction as competent treatment of bowel endometriosis will help to signifi cantly improve the quality of life of such patients and is one of the ways of cancer prevention.
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