Objective of the research. To conduct a systematic analysis of the data available in current literature concerning the role of microRNA and exosomes in the formation and development of breast cancer.
Materials and Methods. The review includes the data of foreign and national articles from Pubmed database, having been published primarily over the last 5 years.
Results. Possible mechanisms of the participation of several dozens of major microRNAs in the formation of malignant processes are described. The article highlights role of exosomes in the exchange of microRNA and other regulatory molecules between cells including malignant degeneration and metastasis.
Conclusion. It is necessary to conduct further research focusing on the infl uence of exosomal microRNA, circulating in the bloodstream, on the process of emergence and development of breast cancer with the objective of forming of diagnostic and prognostic panel needed for effective diagnosis and personalised selection of therapy for breast cancer.
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Objective. To detect and identify the source of VEGF-R1 localization in human tumor cells of different histogenesis.
Materials and Methods. A431, A549, Sn12c tumor cell lines were used in this work. VEGF-R1 (Flt1) gene expression was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The presence of protein was detected using immunocytochemical staining (ICC) and indirect immunofl uorescence test (IIFT). To clarify the question regarding the presence of receptor in nucleus we developed a method of isolation of intact cell nuclei suitable for their further indirect immunofl uorescence test (IIFT) using fl ow cytofl uorometry.
Results and Discussion. Basal expression of gene Flt1 just as VEGF-R1 protein were detected in all the three cell lines. Despite common belief about a membrane localization of tyrosine kinase receptors , immunofl uorescence test indicates high intracellular content of VEGF-R1 (36,63 ± 7,56%) with its practically total absence on the cell surface (0,48 ± 0,37%). As a result of technology developed by us nuclear localization of VEGF-R1 was determined, and a considerable part of the receptor was detected directly inside the nucleus (17,9 ± 1,04%). In our view, intranuclear VEGF-R1 can carry out its antiapoptotic action by stabilizing the nuclear lamina of a tumor cell.
Conclusions. On the basis of our work it was established that human tumor cells of different histogenesis express VEGF-R1. Predominantly intracellular localization of a receptor was identifi ed, with its considerable part being detected inside the nucleus.
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Along with leiomyomas, which clinicians detect during a routine gynecologic examination every day, intravenous leiomyomatosis , diffuse leiomyomatosis and metastasizing leiomyoma belong to mesenchymal tumors or smooth muscle tumors . While such types of tumors are still considered rather rare and insuffi ciently studied, it should be noted that over the last decade the incidence of these types of tumors has signifi cantly increased. Nevertheless, little experience of the management of such patients has been accumulated worldwide so we would like to investigate the possible tactical errors committed in their treatment focusing on concrete clinical cases.
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Objective. Histological parameters of endometrial cancer with spread to the cervix in 109 patients who had undergone the treatment in the Departments of Gynecology of Federal State Budgetary Institution «N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center» from 2004 to 2014 are studied and analyzed.
Results. It was revealed that endometrial cancer with spread to the cervix and with a depth of invasion into the myometrium and the cervix of up to 0,5 cm is characterized by high and moderate degrees of neoplasia differentiation, absence of focal necrosis and low degree of anaplasia of the tumour, which overshadows the nature of the tumour, absence of lymphovascular invasion. The growth of the depth of tumour invasion into the muscular layer of uterine body results in directly proportional deeper involvement of cervical stroma.
Conclusions. A number of morphological features of both primary endometrial cancer and of the cervix should be studied when histological study of surgical specimens is being performed.
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Objective: the study of histological features and immunophenotype of benign and malignant Brenner tumors and poorly differentiated high grade transitional cell serous ovarian carcinoma as well as the description of concurrent serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma with the latter.
Materials and Methods: morphological analyses of benign and malignant Brenner tumors as well as poorly differentiated high grade transitional cell serous ovarian carcinoma were performed. Immunohistochemical method (analysis of p53, p16, CK 5/6, ki-67, ER expression) and mutational method (analysis of mutation in gene TP53 and PI3CA) were used.
Results: an apparent p53 expression was revealed in more than 75% of tumor cells, apparent p16 expression — in 80% of tumor cells, Ki-67 expression – in 30% of tumor cells in high grade transitional cell serous ovarian carcinoma, and cytokeratin 5/6 and estrogen receptor expression in it was negative. Weak p53 staining was observed in 40% of cells of malignant Brenner tumor, negative p16 expression, Ki-67 expression — in 50% of cells, cytokeratin 5/6 was negative and estrogen expression was weak (score 30) , in benign Brenner tumour weak p53 staining was seen in 90% of cells, strong p16 expression — in 30% of cells, Ki-67 expression was negative, cytokeratin 5/6 expression was negative and estrogen receptor expression was weak (score 20). The expression of examined markers in the area of serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma and in transitional cell ovarian carcinoma was identical.
Conclusion: high grade transitional cell serous ovarian carcinoma is a type of tumor which is immunophenotypically closer to high grade serous ovarian carcinoma than to Brenner tumor. We suggest that fallopian tube – peritoneal transitional zone should be considered as one of the potential sources of the development of both Brenner tumors and high grade transitional cell serous ovarian carcinoma.
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Objective: identifying possible prognostic factors for survival in patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei.
Materials and Methods: An analysis of the outcomes of the treatment was conducted in two groups of patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei : experimental group in which surgical treatment was combined with intraperitoneal chemotherapy (n = 43) and control group (n = 26).
Results: The study revealed that the Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) which value is directly proportional to a degree of carcinomatosis (PCI 1-5 and over 15 (p < 0,01), two-year overall survival (100% and 44,9% respectively) and the volume of cytoreduction performed (CCR0 — CCR3) turned out to be the most relevant prognostic factors in patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei. However, histological type of pseudomyxoma (DPAM and PMCA) and performing of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion , particularly in disseminated peritoneal adenomucinosis , had no signifi cant impact on the survival rates.
Conclusions: Optimal surgical cytoreduction is the main method of treatment of patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei.
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Objective of the study — to increase accuracy of morphologic diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
Materials and Methods. The work presents comparative results of cytologic examination using a method of liquid-based cytology and a traditional method of detection of exudates in peritoneal and pleural cavities , as well as peritoneal lavages obtained from 104 patients of whom 72 were suspected with ovarian cancer and 32 patients were with ovarian cancer after they had undergone treatment and were suspected with recurrence of the disease.
Results. The study revealed that diagnostic value of a method of liquid-based cytology in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer and its recurrences is 1,5 times higher than that of a traditional cytological examination.
Conclusion. Liquid-based cytology using nutrient medium 199 unlike a traditional cytological examination of exudates obtained from peritoneal and pleural cavities or lavages from pleural cavity signifi cantly increases the sensitivity of cytological method of examination based on the preparation of monolayer specimens which are characterized by the distribution of cellular material on a small section of a slide , by good detailed visualization of nucleus and cytoplasm, by a considerable decrease of a number of elements of infl ammation, erythrocytes, mucus and artefacts. Furthermore, the number of unsatisfactory preparations is decreased, it reduces the time, the accuracy and productivity of research is increased. The prepared monolayer specimens can be used foe immunocytochemical examination.
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Objective of the research: to study the effectiveness of the use of allogeneic biomaterial «Alloplant® regeneration stimulator» for scleroatrophic lichen.
Materials and Methods. 59 patients with scleroatrophic lichen after having undergone various types of treatment were examined , diagnosed with the recurrence of the disease and got treatment (the average age of patients was 58 years). Depending on the type of previous treatment the patients were divided into three groups: patients (n = 24 (41%)) who had undergone treatment with the application of hormonal ointments only (ultrapotent corticosteroids); patients (n = 7 (12%)) after laser therapy (helium-neon) and patients (n = 28 (47%)) after destructive treatment (laser vaporization). The duration of the disease varied from 1,5 to 6 years (2,2 years on the average). According to the special technique developed by us the peripheral injection of the affected area for dystrophic vulvar disease with «Alloplant® regeneration stimulator» was applied. The assessment of the effi ciency was conducted based on the progress of clinical and morphological changes.
Results. The use of biomaterial «Alloplant® regeneration stimulator» for the treatment of scleroatrophic lichen makes it possible to achieve a good clinical result of the treatment, which is characterized by a signifi cant reduction of itching and burning after just 2–6 weeks. Less apparent effectiveness was observed following previously undergone destructive methods of treatment. The disappearance of itching occurred in only 32% of patients while the effectiveness of the suggested techniques of treatment was two times higher (75%) in patients who hadn’t previously undergone destructive methods.
Conclusions. The technique of treatment of scleroatrophic lichen with the use of dispersed form of allogeneic biomaterial «Alloplant® regeneration stimulator» developed by us allowed to achieve remarkable progress in the treatment of this pathology. Additional administration of biomaterial along the course of pudendal nerves is recommended for patients with atrophic forms of lichen, an extensive affected area including perianal area, with signifi cant clinical manifestations. It enables to increase the effi ciency of the therapy.
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Objective of the study. To conduct systematic analysis of the data available in current literature on the effect of iron–defi - ciency anemia on the prognosis of cancer in case of surgical and therapeutic anti-tumor treatment.
Materials and Methods. The overview includes the data of foreign and national articles on this subject found in Pubmed having been published over the last 10 years.
Results. The possible mechanisms of the impact of iron-defi ciency anemia on the development of post-operative complications in cancer patients as well as on the outcome of cancer treatment in general are described. Conclusion. Iron-defi ciency is an independent factor of negative prognosis in case of surgical and therapeutic anti-tumor treatment. Administration of ferric carboxymaltose is an effective and safe method of correction of iron-defi ciency anemia before elective surgical interventions including those performed for cancer treatment.
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Objective of the research. To study the role of integrated assessment of tumor markers in the diagnosis of multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the colon and the ovaries.
Materials and Methods. The levels of tumor markers CEA and CA 125 were evaluated retrospectively in 65 patients with multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the colon and the ovaries and in 22 patients with colon cancer with metastases in the ovaries who had undergone treatment at Federal State Budgetary Institution «N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center» in the period from 1990 to 2013. Until 2004 the research had been conducted using automated immunoenzymometric analyzer COBAS COREII (Hoffmann-la Roche), and since 2004 — using electrochemiluminiscence automated analyzer ELECSYS 2010 (Hoffmannla Roche). In all cases diagnostic test systems produced by Hoffmann-la Roche company were used for the research.
Results. Markers CEA and CA 125 showed the highest level of diagnostic sensitivity to the corresponding tumors in synchronous and multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the colon and the ovaries and can be a simple and convenient additional method of their diagnosis. Multiple primary malignant neoplasms of the colon and the ovaries that occur metachronously, clinically behave like the respective solitary tumors, yet the diagnostic sensitivity of tumor markers is relatively low and is consistent with the sensitivity of tumor markers shown in similar solitary tumors (it makes up 60–70%, and in early stages of the disease — even lower).
Conclusion. However, systematic determination of the complex of tumor markers can be benefi cial in terms of an earlier identifi cation of metachronous tumors including colon cancer. Therefore, even a seemingly slight increase of their level, even within the reference values, should be treated very seriously.
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