Objective of the study. The review examines and summarizes molecular mechanisms of essential biological processes related to ovarian cancer metastasis and the role of key genes and microRNAs, regulating their expression, in these processes.
Materials and Methods. The article presents the evidence on microRNAs and genes involved in formation of cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, reduction of focal adhesion, degradation of extracellular matrix, increase of migration activity of cancer cells, formation of spheroids, apoptosis, autophagy, angiogenesis, formation of metastases in the peritoneal cavity and occurrence of ascites.
Results. The emphasis is placed to signaling pathways and microRNAs (miR-199a/CD44, mTOR; miR-199b-5p/JAG1/ Notch1), related to drug resistance of ovarian tumors. A separate section of the work reviews clusters of microRNAs (miR- 145, miR-31, miR-506, miR-101) which has a critical role in ovarian cancer metastasis, and the families of microRNAs (miR-200, miR-214, miR-25), whose role is ambiguous but important in the formation of drug resistance in the process of ovarian cancer progression. The variety and inconsistency of the results of different studies do not allow yet to identify accurate and reliable markers for the use in clinical practice with a focus on early diagnosis of recurrence and detection of ovarian cancer metastasis.
Conclusion. MicroRNAs and genes, presented in this review, are involved in ovarian cancer progression and are to be considered prospective biological markers, however further research, unifi cation of the methods of their identifi cation and development of criteria for the assessment of the results are required.
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Objective of the study — is to conduct a systematic analysis of the data available in the current literature on the modern approaches to ovarian cancer stem cells as the cause of resistance to therapy and recurrence of the disease.
Materials and Methods. The review includes the data from foreign and Russian academic articles found in Pubmed on the subject having been published over the past 10 years.
Results. The article examines the markers associated with ovarian cancer stem cells which are used for the isolation of the population of ovarian cancer stem cells for studies that are: CD44, CD1333, ALDH, CD24, CD117, CA125.
Conclusion. The effect of targeted agents on ovarian cancer stem cells may contribute to overcoming the drug resistance and to improving the outcomes of the treatment of ovarian cancer patients. It is necessary to conduct further research in that direction.
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Objective of the study is the analysis of the effectiveness of neoadjuvant palliative chemotherapy of patients with breast cancer who had undergone treatment at Nizhny Novgorod Regional Oncologic Dispensary for the period from 2010 to 2015.
Materials and Methods. Based on the study of surgical specimens grade of tumor pathomorphosis and its dependence on the basic parameters, which characterize breast neoplasm and affect the prognosis of the disease, were evaluated.
Results. A statistically signifi cant relationship between the grade of therapeutic pathomorphosis and the regimen of palliative chemotherapy performed was identifi ed, it was revealed that consistent application of anthracycline — and taxane-based agents is the most effi cient regimen as compared to the use of anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. The differences observed in the grades of therapeutic pathomorphosis, depending on age, stage of the disease, number of cycles of neoadjuvant palliative chemotherapy as well as on the immunophenotype of the tumor were not statistically signifi cant.
Conclusion. The study has shown that in general the results of neoadjuvant palliative chemotherapy, performed in Nizhny Novgorod Regional Oncologic Dispensary, comply with the outcomes reported in Russian and world literature. It is feasible to develop the methods of non-invasive monitoring in order to predict the effectiveness of the treatment of breast cancer.
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Objective of the study is to perform a systematic analysis of the data available in current literature on clinical relevance of zoledronic acid in the treatment of breast cancer.
Materials and Methods. The review comprises the data from foreign and Russian academic articles found in Pubmed on the subject which have been published over the past 10 years.
Results. The article describes possible mechanisms of participation of zoledronic acid in the treatment of osteoporosis in patients with breast cancer including those with bone metastasis.
Conclusion. The evidence base submitted in the article allows to consider zoledronic acid as one of the most effi cient bonemodifying agent.
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Objective of the study is to highlight the particularities and diagnostic criteria of disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis detected by ultrasound screening.
Materials and Methods. The results of the examination and treatment of two patients diagnosed with disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis who were under observation at N.N.Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation were used.
Results. Ultrasound picture of disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis was analyzed in comparison with post-operative and morphological data.
Conclusion. Errors may occur in ultrasound examinations in the diagnosis of disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis. To establish the correct diagnosis it is necessary to use an integrated diagnostic approach.
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Objective of the study is to carry out a systematic analysis of the data available in current literature on the possibilities of the use of human epididymis protein HE4 as the novel tumor-associated marker in the diagnosis of a number of malignant neoplasms.
Materials and Methods. The review comprises the data of foreign and Russian academic articles found in Pubmed on the subject which have been published over the past 10 years.
Results. The review provides the description of molecular genetic characteristics of human epididymis protein HE4 as well as the data on its expression in normal organ tissues, in organs that underwent malignant transformation and in non-cancerous conditions taken from the literature. The work also raises an issue of determining discriminatory level of HE4 as serological tumor-associated marker, depending on gender and age as well as of the infl uence of such factors as renal function, smoking, pregnancy on serum levels of this protein. The article reports the results of research on HE4 levels observed in ovarian cancer and in malignant neoplasms of other localizations.
Conclusion. The fi ndings of the studies that investigated HE4 revealed that in addition to ovarian cancer this marker can rise in such malignant conditions as lung cancer of various histological types, endometrial cancer and also in certain patients with different types of cancer. Further research in this direction is required.
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Objective is to increase the proportion of optimal resections for patients with peritoneal pseudomyxoma and mesothelioma.
Materials and Methods. The universal technique of surgical treatment of patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei and peritoneal mesothelioma — staged cytoreductive operation — was developed and integrated into practice at Department of Thoracic Surgery of Federal State Budgetary Institution «N.N.Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation.
Results. It was revealed that the number of optimal cytoreductive surgeries (CCR0-1) using the original technique of surgical interventions made up 72% (n = 49), herewith the degree of carcinomatosis before surgery in majority of patients (n = 41) was assessed as P3 dissemination. The frequency of surgical complications was 29% (16 of 68), they were resolved predominantly with a conservative management.
Conclusions. The suggested technique of cytoreductive surgeries for pseudomyxoma peritonei and peritoneal mesothelioma provides a possibility for optimal tumor removal resulting in an acceptable level of incidence of complications.
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Objective of the study is to carry out a systematic analysis of the data available in current literature regarding approaches to the treatment and prevention of empty pelvis syndrome after pelvic exenteration.
Materials and Methods. The review comprises the data from foreign and Russian academic articles found in Pubmed on the subject having been published over the past 10 years.
Results. The article provides a description of the mechanisms of pathogenesis, of clinical presentation, diagnosis and the management of clinical manifestations and consequences of empty pelvis syndrome. Based on the data, presented in world literature, the authors introduce and analyze the current guidelines for the treatment of such patients as well as the techniques of reconstruction of pelvic fl oor after pelvic exenteration.
Conclusion. Further research in this direction is required as the reconstruction of pelvic fl oor is an essential aspect in the prevention of empty pelvis syndrome as a consequence of pelvic exenteration.
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