Objective of the study — is to analyze the variants of possible combination of breast cancer and sarcoidosis of lymph nodes mimicking their metastatic involvement based on a clinical observation and literature data.
Materials and Methods. The article reports a clinical case of extensive sarcoidosis of regional lymph nodes in a patient with non-luminal Her 2-positive subtype of breast cancer without medical history of sarcoidosis and covers the world literature data as well.
Results. Sarcoidosis of peripheral lymph nodes in combination with non-luminal Her 2-positive breast cancer was morphologically verifi ed.
Conclusion. Differential diagnosis between sarcoidosis and lymph node metastasis is challenging even when novel diagnostic imaging technologies, including PET, are used. Histological verifi cation is the only method of differential and clarifying diagnosis in such cases.
Keywords: sarcoidosis, breast cancer, metastases, lymph nodes, differential diagnosis.
 Full text (in Russian)

Objective of the study — is to conduct a systematic analysis of the data available in current literature on the significance of docetaxel in adjuvant drug therapy of breast cancer.
Materials and Methods. The overview comprises the data obtained from foreign and Russian academic articles found in PubMed on the subject published over the past 10 years.
Results. Taxanes have been used in the therapy of metastatic breast cancer for more than 20 years and they are key components in neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy regimens. This paper highlights the most relevant results of the use of different chemotherapy regimens including docetaxel.
Conclusion. Therefore, our 20-year experience of the clinical use of docetaxel proves high effi cacy and controlled toxicity of this agent. It is necessary to carry out further research in that regard.
Keywords: breast cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy, docetaxel.
 Full text (in Russian)

Objective of the study is to carry out a comparative analysis of the content of MMP-7 in blood serum and tumor extracts of patients with ovarian cancer, to investigate its relationship with the basic clinical and morphological characteristics of the disease and the prognosis.
Materials and Methods. The content of MMP-7 in the samples of blood serum and tumor extracts was determined in 54 patients with ovarian cancer at different stages of the disease using direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reagents of Quantikine® kits (R&D Systems, USA). The measurements were performed using automated immunoassay analyzer BEP 2000 Advance (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Germany).
Results. Concentrations of MMP-7 in the serum of patients with ovarian cancer were signifi cantly higher than those in the control (medians 8,0 vs. 3,8 ng/ml respectively, p < 0,0001). In this case, the sensitivity of 77,8% of MMP-7 in the serum at the threshold level of the marker of 5,0 ng/ml and the specifi city of 90,5% were obtained for separating a subset of patients with ovarian cancer from healthy women. No correlation was identifi ed between the content of MMP-7 in the serum and the tumor of patients with ovarian cancer. The content of MMP-7 in the serum and the tumor was not associated with patients’ age, reproductive status, concomitant somatic and gynecologic diseases, histological structure of the tumor. However, as ovarian cancer progressed, signifi cantly increasing median levels of MMP-7 in blood serum and the tumor of patients were observed. The levels of MMP-7 in serum and tumor were not associated with CA-125 concentrations. A marked elevation in the content of serum MMP-7 in patients with ovarian cancer was observed in the tumor cell dissemination in the peritoneal cavity and in the presence of ascites. Herewith, the MMP-7 levels in primary tumor are not associated with the detection of ascites, dissemination of the process within abdominal cavity and the presence of tumor cells in peritoneal washing specimens. The overall 5-year survival rate for patients with ovarian cancer markedly decreased from 100% with MMP-7 value in serum being less than 5,0 ng/ml to 58,3% with elevated MMP-7 values being from 5,0 ng/ml and higher (p = 0,01). At the same time, the overall 5-year survival rate of patients with ovarian cancer not markedly decreased ranging from 81,5% with MMP-7 value in tumor of less than 1,1 ng/ml of protein to 60,5% with elevated MMP-7 levels being from 1,1 ng/ml of protein and higher (p = 0,1). The multiple factor analysis didn’t confi rm the association between initial levels of MMP-7 in serum and tumor extracts and long-term results of the treatment of patients with ovarian cancer.
Conclusions. Serum marker MMP-7 is closely linked to some clinical morphological characteristics of ovarian cancer, particularities of cliL.E.Komarova nical course of tumor process and can be used as a supplementary test for the diagnosis of the disease.
Keywords: ovarian cancer, MMP-7, serum, tumor extracts, diagnosis, prognosis.
 Full text (in Russian)

Objective of the study — is to analyze the results of treatment of patients with peritoneal mesothelioma (n = 46).
Materials of Research. Patients with peritoneal mesothelioma who had undergone combined cytoreductive surgeries and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (study group, n = 27) and patients who had undergone non-standardized treatment without intraperitoneal chemotherapy (control group, n = 19) were selected.
Results of the study. Assessment of the survival rate after optimal cytoreductive surgeries was the only factor which was considered in analyzing the differences between the two groups. After optimum resections survival rate in the study group was 100% versus 50% in the control one, which was signifi cantly higher (p < 0.05, Log-rank test).
Conclusion. While there are several factors that affect the survival rates of patients with peritoneal mesothelioma, the main criterion in determining prognosis of the disease is the extent of cytoreduction performed, therefore surgical method of treatment is to be regarded as the primary one.
Keywords: peritoneal mesothelioma, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion, intraperitoneal chemotherapy, staged cytoreductive surgery.
 Full text (in Russian)

The article presents a clinical observation of long-term complete remission in a patient with endometrial cancer metastasis in the brain after integrated treatment. Central nervous system disorder was the only manifestation of the disease at the time of cancer progression. The remission period after the treatment was more than 5 years.
Conclusion. The prognosis of the disease in patients with cerebral metastases of endometrial cancer is unfavourable overall, however, early diagnosis and timely treatment of cerebral metastases allow to extend life expectancy and improve quality of life of cancer patients.
Keywords: endometrial (uterine) cancer, brain metastasis, integrated treatment.
 Full text (in Russian)

Objectives of the study are to conduct an analysis of cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates over the past decade, to determine the age distribution of cervical cancer incidence in female population in Russia, to evaluate the results of population-based preventive work on intensifi ed cervical cancer detection under screening programs.
Materials and Methods: The review comprises the data from Russian publications on cervical cancer statistics, the key indicators provided by oncological service of the Russian Federation. The data on the results of cervical cancer screening programs, submitted by foreign and Russian authors, were used. Literature sources, found on PubMed website, in academic scholarly journals over the past 10–15 years were used as well.
Results. Statistical data on the key fi gures of cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates in Russia was analyzed. The work focuses on age-related differences in cervical cancer incidence, age distribution of cervical cancer incidence. The article covers the results of the world screening programs on the reduction of morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer, advances of Russian population programs. The work analyzes comparative data on the effi ciency of different modern diagnostic methods used in population screening for cervical cancer.
Conclusion. Despite a number of remarkable achievements in the study of mechanisms of carcinogenesis, in the development of novel methods of early diagnosis of cervical cancer, disease prevention activities and mass public health education, cervical cancer remains a serious problem in oncology worldwide and requires further investigation.
Keywords: screening, cervical cancer.
 Full text (in Russian)

Objective is to identify the dynamics of Doppler assessment of neovascularization and SCCA tumor marker in the course of radiation therapy for cervical cancer and to investigate the correlation between these values in cancer progression.
Materials and Methods. A total of 112 patients with histologically verifi ed invasive stage IIA-B and B IIIB cervical cancer aged 27 to 80 years (mean value was 47,5 ± 2,5 years). Based on certain types of tumor growth the patients were divided into 4 groups: group 1 (mixed type of cervical cancer) included 44 patients, group 2 (exophytic type of cervical cancer) — 14 patients, group 3 (endophytic type of cervical cancer) — 40 patients, group 4 (infi ltrating, ulcerated type of cervical cancer) included 14 patients. Subgroups with a favorable and unfavorable course of disease after combined external beam irradiation and internal radiation therapy were identifi ed in every group. All patients in pre-radiation, peri-radiation and post-radiation time periods were examined using comprehensive diagnostic ultrasound scanning with Doppler screening of cervical and intratumoral vessels. Dynamic monitoring of tissue Doppler imaging parameters of resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak systolic velocity (PSV) and the results of SCCA tumor markers was carried out in establishing diagnosis, during combined external beam irradiation and internal radiation therapy and after the treatment.
Results. Analysis of the results of Doppler ultrasound revealed that signifi cant changes in resistive index (RI) occur only one month after treatment. In unfavorable course of disease resistive index (RI) ranged from 0,36 to 0,45, that is considerably lower compared to the values determined in the groups with favorable outcome. The Pearson correlation coeffi cient, based on variables with interval and nominal scale, was calculated for average values of resistive index (IR) and SCCA in each of four clinical groups for the subgroups with favorable and unfavorable course of disease. In the study groups in which the course of disease was favorable high values of negative correlation were observed: the Pearson coeffi cient ranged from — 0,9115 to — 0,9820. In the groups with unfavorable course of cervical cancer Pearson coeffi cient was inhomogeneous — from — 0,6545 to — 0,9262.
Conclusions. The high degree of negative correlation between the values of resistive index (RI) of intratumoral blood fl ow and tumor marker SCCA was determined in patients with cervical cancer of different types of tumor growth during treatment based on the disease course.
Keywords: cervical cancer, ultrasound imaging, Doppler ultrasound, SCCA tumor marker.
 Full text (in Russian)

Objective of the study — is to explore the possibilities of comprehensive ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of cervical cancer recurrences after surgical, combined and integrated treatment.
Materials and Methods. The study is based on the materials of clinical observations of 26 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of cervical cancer recurrence who underwent treatment at Federal State Budgetary Scientifi c Institution «N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology» of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation of Russian Cancer Research Center for the period from 2010 to 2016.
Results. Cervical cancer recurrence was diagnosed in all 26 patients after surgical, combined and integrated treatment. Sonographic signs of disease progression were identifi ed in 25 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer recurrence. One observation showed negative ultrasound in detecting recurrence and it was verifi ed by cytologic evaluation. Local recurrence was diagnosed in 12 cases, locoregional recurrence — in 8 and regional — in 5 observations.
Conclusion. Ultrasound scan makes it possible to detect cervical cancer recurrence in lesser pelvis and retroperitoneal lymph nodes which will further contribute to timely and adequate treatment.
Keywords: cervical cancer, recurrence, diagnostic ultrasound imaging, gynecologic oncology, cervical cancer recurrence, elastography.
 Full text (in Russian)

Objective of the study is to conduct a systematic analysis of the data available in current literature on the modern possibilities of rehabilitation of patients who undergo treatment for cancer including an opportunity to use risk-based menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).
Materials and Methods. The review comprises the data from foreign and Russian articles found in PubMed on the subject published over the past 10 years and includes International Menopausal Society Guidelines.
Results. The work describes the possibility of the use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in cancer patients who underwent anti-tumor treatment and risks associated with it.
Conclusion. With no clear criteria and with no certainty of what probability of occurrence of whichever type of malignant tumors in women who receive menopausal hormone therapy (MHT), is, it is necessary to be very careful in the choice of tactics of management of such patients, even if it is inconsistent with the guidelines developed by leading world experts. It is feasible to include these patients into risk groups and to carry out stringent monitoring throughout their lifespan. It is essential to conduct further research in that regard.
Keywords: cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, menopausal hormone therapy, oncologic risks, Climonorm®.
 Full text (in Russian)