Objective of the study is to conduct systematic analysis of the literature on DNA methylation in ovarian cancer (OC),special emphasis should be placed on DNA methylation as a diagnostic marker of ovarian cancer.
Materials and Methods. The review comprises English language publications available in PubMed database in the previous 14 years.
Results. Analysis of literature data showed that differential DNA methylation is observed in clinical samples of patients with ovarian cancer. To date, the study of DNA methylation is one the most promising focus area for the development of early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Differential DNA methylation may be detected not only in tumor tissue but it can be revealed using non-invasive techniques. While considerable progress has been made in this fi eld, literature data are sporadic. Majority of gene methylation sites are described in single publications. But there are well researched, common genes that are reported in many works: RASSF1, BRCA1, MGMT, OPCML, as well as HOXA gene family.
Conclusion. The study of aberrant DNA methylation in tumor tissue and biological fl uids will allow to develop an approach for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Furthermore, aberrant DNA methylation has the potential to be used as a prognostic marker of disease progression and also as treatment selection marker.
Keywords: DNA methylation, ovarian cancer, non-invasive diagnostics.
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Objective of the study is to conduct systematic analysis of data of current literature related to diagnosis, classifi cation, risk estimates of and treatment strategy for tumor lysis syndrome. Materials and Methods. The review comprises data obtained from foreign and Russian scholarly articles found in PubMed on the subject published over the past 10 years. Results. Acute tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) — is a critical condition in oncology, caused by spontaneous, or induced by specifi c therapy acute and massive disruption of cell membrane of tumor cells with the release of intracellular components and it is characterized by metabolic changes, acute kidney damage leading to life-threatening complications, multiple organ failure and death. Pathogenesis of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is based on overcharging and decompensation of the systems of excretion of intracellular metabolites, including nucleic acids, proteins, phosphorus and potassium, that can lead to hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia. Conclusion. Up-to-date advanced knowledge on pathophysiology, predisposing factors and indicators of prognosis for tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) allow to identify patients of high risk group. The present work summarizes the most advanced standards of the prevention of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) in patients at high risk for the development of this complication, as well as it outlines approaches to the treatment of progressing tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). Keywords: critical conditions in oncology, acute tumor lysis syndrome, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia.
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Objective of the study is to conduct analysis of data of current literature on the infl uence of a number of molecular and immunologic factors on prognosis in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) as well as to evaluate their signifi cance and potential practical implementation.
Materials and Methods. The review comprises the data published in major academic periodicals over the past years.
Results. The article describes prognostic signifi cance of the expression of different stem cell markers as well as of various combinations of these markers on the course of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The infl uence of components of the cell microenvironment — macrophages and tumor-infi ltrating lymphocytes on the prognosis of the disease is evaluated. The possibility to determine prognosis of the disease considering integrated assessment of the presented prognostic factors, is analyzed in this paper.
Conclusion. Aggressive course and unfavourable prognosis for triple negative breast cancer necessitate more profound study of its biological properties, identifi cation of novel prognostic factors of the disease. Research study of cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype, expressivity and composition of lymphoid infi ltration will provide a better understanding of biological features of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and to develop new approaches to prognosis, and later on — to the treatment of this disease.
Keywords: triple negative breast cancer, cancer stem cells, lymphoid infi ltration, M2 macrophages.
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Objective of the study — is to conduct an analysis of data available in the literature on the strategy of drug therapy of patients with locally-advanced and disseminated types of uterine leiomyosarcoma.
Materials and Methods. The literature review comprises the data presented by foreign and Russian authors.
Results. There is currently no gold standard in the treatment of uterine leiomyosarcoma. The main method of treatment that determines prognosis, is radical surgery. Decision on adjuvant chemotherapy prescription must be made on a case-by-case basis. Chemotherapy is the primary treatment method for disseminated types.
Conclusion. Despite the progress that has been made in the treatment for uterine leiomyosarcoma, it can’t be considered satisfactory. It is necessary to continue research to identify predictive and prognostic factors that would help to personalize the strategy of treatment for uterine leiomyosarcoma.
Keywords: uterine leiomyosarcoma, drug therapy, chemotherapy.
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Objective of the study – is to carry out literature analysis to assess the importance of diagnosis and screening for cervical cancer.
Materials and Methods. The review comprises the data obtained from foreign and Russian scholarly articles.
Results. Modern programs of cervical cancer screening that combine cytologic evaluation and primary testing for high cancer risk human papilloma virus infection (hrHPV) are presently considered to be the most effective. However, there hasn’t been any national programme of cytologic screening developed in Russia yet, and consequently there is no possibility of implementing this method in conformity with the international recommendations.
Conclusion. The existing methods of early diagnosis of cervical pathology have a number of limitations. In particular, in order to obtain more precise estimates of the degree of severity of epithelial damage and to make an individual prognosis it is necessary to develop immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical markers, identifying these markers alone or in combination will permit to predict immediate outcome of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The use of specifi c markers of tumor conversion of cervical epithelium will help to improve the accuracy, sensitivity and specifi city of traditional programs of cervical cancer screening, and hereinafter to use these molecular targets for targeted therapy and for determining individual prognosis of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
Keywords: cervical cancer, cervical cancer epidemiology, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), Akt, p16INK4a, cyclooxygenase 2, HPV
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Objective of the study — is to assess the causes of critical conditions (CC) of patients with refractory trophoblastic disease (RTD) and immediate treatment outcomes.
Materials. Patients admitted to the Department of Emergency Resuscitation and Intensive Care (DERIC) for the period from 2007 to 2017.
Results. Progression of the disease and complications following anticancer therapy caused critical condition (CC) of 6 patients with refractory trophoblastic disease (RTD). Treatment duration at the Department of Emergency Resuscitation and Intensive Care (DERIC) was 4 (from 1 to 33) days; mortality rate — 67%. Adverse outcome was associated with the complications of anticancer therapy, progression of treatment-resistant variant of the disease and progression of comorbid pathology.
Conclusions. Modern diagnosis and management of critical condition in patients with refractory trophoblastic disease (RTD) require cooperation between gynecologic oncologists, intensive care and other specialists involved, if necessary, and suffi cient expertise in the treatment of relevant syndromes of critical condition (CC), occurring against the backdrop of drug toxicity, tumorous lesions of internal organs and high probability of decompensation of concomitant disorders.
Keywords: choriocarcinoma, refractory trophoblastic tumour, critical condition, intensive therapy.
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Multiple birth pregnancy with fetal development and with the presence of partial molar pregnancy — is a rare phenomenon, whose incidence makes up 1 of 22000-100000 pregnancies [4]. However, lately scholarly literature has reported an increase of similar clinical cases, and termination of pregnancy right after the diagnosis is recommended in most cases. But some authors argue that approximately 40% of molar pregnancies with developing fetus result in successful outcomes without signifi cant increase of the risk of subsequent process malignization [4,8]. This article presents the description of a clinical case of successful management and outcome of twin pregnancy in patient with partial molar pregnancy. Algorithm for diagnosis provided to exclude malignant process pursuant to the recommendations, as well as to exclude fetal malformations is demonstrated. The paper considers the viability to continue such pregnancy to term in case of its stable course, absence of markers of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal malformations evaluated using ultrasound, as well as in the event of patient’s extreme concernment for continuing pregnancy. The work also brings into focus the necessity of case follow-up, prevention and early detection of possible pregnancy complications. Delivery in the given clinical case occurred in the preterm stage due to spontaneous onset of early labor caused by existing isthmus and cervical insuffi ciency, outcome of this pregnancy was favorable for both mother and baby. Subsequently, the patient was followed-up by oncologist, the increase of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) measurements was not observed.
Keywords: multiple birth pregnancy, trophoblastic disease, partial molar pregnancy and developing fetus.
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Objective of the study — is to conduct analysis of current literature data on the relationship between endometrial cancer and steroid hormones. Materials and Methods. The present analytical review comprises data obtained from foreign and Russian academic articles. Results. The work shows the role of steroid hormones and their metabolism in the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer and in existing comorbidity of endometrial cancer and uterine myoma. Conclusion. It is necessary to carry out further investigation that will contribute to developing the new strategies of anticancer therapy. Keywords: endometrial cancer, uterine myoma, steroid hormone metabolism.
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